Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Acknowledgments Sincere thanks to Lars Fischer, Sam Johnson, Gregorz Rossolinski-Liebe and Per Rudling for valuable comments. Naturally they bear no responsibility for content, views, or shortcomings. Notes Groth, review of Snyder, Bloodlands, 124. See Katz, “On Three Definitions.” See Donskis, “The Inflation of Genocide.” See e.g. Chersonski, “A ‘Documentary Film’ Tries to Establish the Legend of the ‘Uprising of the Enslaved’”; Rossoliński-Liebe, “The Act of 30 June 1941, and Its 2011 Commemoration in Ukraine”; Katz, “In Delirium of Obfuscation”; Katz, “The Denial that Is Part of Holocaust Obfuscation.” Scholars from diverse traditions have noticed the juxtaposition of the Holocaust narrative with the new antisemitism in Eastern Europe. See especially Zuroff, “Eastern Europe”; Donskis, “Another Word for Uncertainty”; Wistrich's chapter “Lying about the Holocaust” in A Lethal Obsession, 31–661. In fact, the Holocaust-revisionist component of the new East European antisemitism became evident during the period of Soviet collapse and the consolidation of the independence of the successor states. See e.g. Hančil and Chase, Antisemitism in Post-totalitarian Europe; Braham, Anti-Semitism in the Treatment of the Holocaust in Postcommunist Eastern Europe. Donskis, “Concept Inflation and the Criminalization of Debate”; Chersonski, “History – Education or Modern Politics”; DefendingHistory.com, “Red–Brown Bill with Two Years of Jailtime for Disagreeing with Government's Position Is Signed into Law.” On the Prague Declaration, see sources on DefendingHistory.com's page “The Prague Declaration” and the page on its opposition. Phillips, “EU Rejects Eastern States' Call to Outlaw Denial of Crimes by Communist Regimes,” The Guardian, 21 December 2010, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/dec/21/european-commission-communist-crimes-nazism/print See http://eureconciliation.wordpress.com/2011/09/29/statement-of-the-reconciliation-of-european-histories-group-on-the-occasion-of-the-founding-of-the-platform-of-european-memory-and-conscience See reviews of Bloodlands by Croucher, Groth, Rossoliński-Liebe, Rudling and Zuroff. See e.g. DefendingHistory.com's page “Glorification of Local Holocaust Perpetrators in Lithuania in 2011.” Zuroff, “A Shameful Shoah Whitewash.” Gross, Neighbors. See, inter alia, Arad, “The ‘Final Solution’ in Lithuania in the Light of German Documentation,” 239–41; Arad, The Holocaust in the Soviet Union, 88–95; Gilbert, The Holocaust. The Jewish Tragedy, 155–7; Klee et al. “The Good Old Days”, 23–37; Kwiet, “The Onset of the Holocaust,” 111–17; Levin, “Lithuania,” 898; Rosin, Preserving our Litvak Heritage, vol. 1, vol. 2, vol. 3, all organised by town names; Rubenstein in The Unknown Black Book, 277–81; Rhodes, Masters of Death, 38–49; Sutton, The Massacre of the Jews of Lithuania, 95–133. A selection of LAF documents including instructions to kill Jews, issued before 22 June 1941, is included in Levinson, The Shoah (Holocaust) in Lithuania, 163–9; online selections on “LAF Intentions in the Time Preceding German Control of Lithuanian Locations” on DefendingHistory.com; earlier excerpts in English translation in Baranauskas and Rukšėnas, Documents Accuse, 123–5. Greenbaum, The Jews of Lithuania, 307; Levinson, The Shoah (Holocaust) in Lithuania, 35; Oshry, Khurbn Líte, 23. Testimony of Shmuel Shrage. Video excerpt at http://www.youtube.com/user/DovidFrom55thStreet?feature=mhee#p/c/A2BAA3ADC43CC101/2/Q81Yawju8I8 Klee et al., “The Good Old Days”, 23, 28–35; Melamed, “The Slaughter at Lietukis Garage.” Kwiet, “Rehearsing for Murder,” 13; Kwiet echoes Zvi Kolitz's formulation in “The Physical and Metaphysical Dimensions of the Extermination of the Jews in Lithuania,” 200. Estonia fell later, giving much of the small Jewish community time to escape – to Russia, of course; there was no other plausible hope in most cases, east of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Line, for the targeted victims of the Holocaust. Of the close to 1000 Jews who remained in Estonia, virtually all were killed by Estonian “participants in the Holocaust” in that corner of the Jew-killing paradise that the Nazis found ready-made in various of their newly invaded territories in 1941. Kolitz, “The Physical and Metaphysical Dimensions of the Extermination of the Jews in Lithuania,” 199; Petersen, Understanding Ethnic Violence, 102. Bauer, “Remembering Accurately on International Holocaust Remembrance Day.” See http://defendinghistory.com/?p=24072 Prague Declaration on European Conscience and Communism, §9; European Parliament, Texts Adopted, Brussels, 2 April 2009, §15. Zuroff, “A Combined Day of Commemoration for the Victims of Nazism and Communism?” DefendingHistory.com, “Red–Brown Bill with Two Years of Jailtime for Disagreeing with Government's Position Is Signed into Law.” Snyder, “Echoes from the Killing Fields of the East”; Zuroff, “A Dangerous Nazi–Soviet Equivalence”; Katz, “Why Red Is Not Brown in the Baltics”; Snyder, “The Fatal Fact of the Nazi–Soviet Pact.” Snyder, “Neglecting the Lithuanian Holocaust.” This piece contains some strange historical conclusions: “The mass murder of the Jews of Vilnius could not have taken place without the assistance of Lithuanians: the Germans did not have enough men for the job” (!) and the view that the Polish Jewish refugees saved by the Japanese consul Chiune (Sempo) Sugihara were by and large “fleeing not the Holocaust, which had not yet begun, but the threat of Soviet deportations.” Many were refugees from Poland who had seen the Nazis' treatment of Jews from September 1939, and others had heard from them about what was happening under German occupation to the West. They hardly needed convincing that they were best off as far away from Hitler as possible. Most of those folks would have been quite thrilled to relocate to the far east of the Soviet Union, in fact, as far away from Hitler as possible. Ibid. Prusin in fact puts the number at “upward of 30,000” (The Lands Between, 151). The attack – news and photographs of which were suppressed by the Lithuanian authorities, including the state-run Jewish museum that has a unit on the site – was exposed, with photographs, on DefendingHistory.com on 12 July 2011: “Authorities Cover up Desecration.” The main monument at Ponár (Paneriai), Lithuania's largest mass murder site, was desecrated with a picture of a male organ and a vulgar reference to the 128 million litas of the parliament's communal property restitution settlement passed by the Lithuanian parliament in June 2011. A fuller image was published there on 27 September 2011 (DefendingHistory.com, “First Full Photo”). At the time of writing (August 2011), the Lithuanian government has continued its silence regarding the July paint attack at Ponár. There have been no arrests. For example Prusin, The Lands Between, 153; Snyder, Bloodlands, 192. Gilbert, The Holocaust, 155, 157. Materials assembled in DefendingHistory.com, “Glorification of Local Holocaust Perpetrators in Lithuania in 2011.” Kwiet, “The Onset of the Holocaust.” Dina Porat, in her study “The Holocaust in Lithuania,” has called it “The Starting Point of the Final Solution” (159). Zuroff, “Justice from the Lithuanians.” Zuroff, “Old Ghosts in Lithuania.”